CML is often suspected on the basis on the complete blood count, which shows increased granulocytes of all types, typically including mature myeloid cells. Basophils and eosinophils are almost universally increased; this feature may help differentiate CML from a leukemoid reaction.
A bone marrow biopsy is often performed as part of the evaluation for CML, but bone marrow morphology alone is insufficient to diagnose CML Patients are often asymptomatic at diagnosis, presenting incidentally with an elevated white blood cell count on a routine laboratory test. In this setting, CML must be distinguished from a leukemoid reaction, which can have a similar appearance on a blood smear.
Symptoms of CML may include: malaise, low-grade fever, gout, increased susceptibility to infections, anemia, and thrombocytopenia with easy bruising (although an increased platelet count (thrombocytosis) may also occur in CML). Splenomegaly may also be seen
Pada wanita obesitas dan usia tua terjadi peningkatan reaksi konversi androstenedion menjadi estron. Pada obesitas konversi ini ditemukan sebanyak 25-20 kali. Obesitas merupakan faktor resiko utama pada kanker endometrium sebanyak 2 sampai 20 kali. Wanita dengan berat badan 10-25 Kg diatas berat badan normal menpunyai resiko 3 kali lipat dibanding dengan wanita dengan berat badan normal. Bila berat badan lebih dari 25 Kg diatas berat badan normal maka resiko menjadi 9 kali lipat.
Riwayat menars
Wanita mempunyai riwayat menars sebelum usia 12 tahun mempunyai resiko 1,6 kali lebih tinggi daripada wanita yang mempunyai riwayat menars setelah usia lenih dari 12 tahun. Menstruation span merupakan metode numerik untuk menentukan faktor resiko dengan usia saat menarche, usia menopause dari jumlah paritas. Menstruasion span (MS) = usia menars – (jumlah paritas x1,5). Bila MS 39 maka resiko terkena kanker endometrium sebanyak 4,2 kali dibanding MS < 29.
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Diabetes melitus dan tes toleransi glukosa (TTG) abnorml merupakan faktor resiko keganasan endometrium. Angka kejadian diabetes melitus klinis pada penderita karsinoma endometrium berkisar antara 3-17%, sedangkan angka kejadian TTG yang abnormal berkisar antara 17-64%.
Hipertensi
50% dari kasus endometrium menderita hipertensi dibandingkan dengan 1/3 populasi kontrol yang menderita penyakit tersebut, kejadian hipertensi pada keganasan endometrium menurut statistik lebih tinggi secara bermakna daripada populasi kontrol.
Riwayat infertilitas
Resiko kanker endometrium lebih tinggi pada wanita nulipara, baik pada wanita yang tidak kawin maupun yang kawin. Dilaporkan bahwa 25% diantara penderita karsinoma adalah nulipara. Kelompok penderita karsinoma endometrium yang telah mempunyai anak, rata-rata pernah melahirkan 2,7 kali, sedangkan dari kelompok kontrol rata-rata pernah melahirkan 4,6 kali. Laporan lain menunjukkan bahwa faktor infertilitas lebih berperan daripada jumlah paritas.
Pemakaian estrogen
Dewasa ini para wanita hidup lenih lama daripada organ-organ reproduksinya secara faal dan mempunyai harapan hidup 20-30 tahunlebih lama setelah menopause. Keadaan ini menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan penjualan dan pemakaian preparat estrogen untuk pengobatan klimakterium diikuti dengan meningkatnya angka kejadian kanker endometrium. Resiko relatif meningkat menjadi 0,17-8,0 pada wanita yang menggunakan estrogen konjugasi, namun menurun bila dikombinasikan dengan progesteron menjadi 0,3%.
Hiperplasia endometrium
Secara histopatologik hiperplasia endometrium ditandai dengan adanya proliferasi yang berlebihan dari kelenjar dan stroma disertai dengan meningkatnya vaskularisasi dan sebukan sel limfosit. Penyebab dari hiperplasia endometrium adalah rangsangan salah satu unsur estrogen yang berlebihan dan terus-menerus. Terminologi neoplasia endometrium intraepitel ditunjukkan pada hiperplasia endometrium yang disertai sel-sel atipik. Resiko progresi menjadi kanker sebanyak 1,5% pada hiperplasia tanpa sel-sel atipik dan 23% pada hiperplasia yang diserti sel-sel atipik.
Faktor lingkungan
Faktor lingkungan dan menu makanan juga mempengaruhi angka kejadian keganasan endometrium lenih tinggi daripada di ngara-negara yang sedang berkembang. Kejadian keganasan endometrium di Amerika Utara dan Eropa lebih tinggi daripada angka kejadian keganasan di Asia, Afrika dan Amerika latin. Agaknya perbedaan mil disebabkan perbedaan menu dan jenis makan sehari-hari dan juga terbukti dengan adanya perbedaan yang menyolok dari keganasan endometrium pada golongan kaya dan golongan miskin. Keadaan ini tampak pada orang-orang negro yang pindah dari daerah rural ke Amerika Utara. Hal yang sama juga terjadi pada orang-orang Asia yang pindah ke negara industri dan merubah menu makanannya dengan cara barat seperti misalnya di Manila dan Jepang, angka kejadian keganasan endometrium lebih tinggi daripada di negara-negara Asia lainnya.
Abstract Objective. The aim of the study was to compare the morbidity and progression free of disease women with advanced ovarian cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by surgery with those treated conventionally with cytoreductive surgery followed by cytotoxic chemotherapy.
Materials and methods. : Eighty –four consecutive patients with advanced-stage ovarian cancer based on extend of disease on clinical impression and imaging between 2000-2004 were reviewed retrospectively. 64 patients treated conventionally (CT) with primary surgery followed by platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy, 20 patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC),and eighth patiens subsequently underwent interval debulking and adjuvant chemotherapy
Results : The response rate to NAC assessed at three cycles was 40 %. Performance status ( Hb, Albumin, Ascites, Pleural Efusion, Ca 125 and Stage ) NAC group was worse than CT group. Progression free of disease 12 and 24 mounths on NAC was 30% and 5 %,CT group was 10% and 7,5 %. Parameters of surgical aggressiveness ( massive bleeding, organ injury and ICU stay ) were significantly lower in NAC group than the conventional group. Complication rate of surgical injury on CT group was 17 % and zero on NAC group.
Conclusion : Neoadjuvat chemotherapy followed by interval debulking in advaced ovarian cancer does’t effect on progression free of disease but significantly reduce morbidity and permit a less aggressive surgery to be performed.
Endodermal Sinus Tumor Role of Conservative Surgery and Chemotherapy. Update Review ~| Heru Priyanto |~
Introduction
Endodermal sinus tumor ( EST ) is second most common malignant ovarian germ cell tumor. The management of these tumor can be challenging, but a rational approach can be outline based on current data. Occurs in childhood, adolescence, and adult life (most <30 years), EST can be pure or a component of a mixed germ cell tumor and almost always a unilateral solid or solid and cystic tumor. (1-2 )
Generally,malignant ovarian germ cell tumor has one of the most successful treatment outcomes in gynecological malignancy. More than 80% of the patients can be cured from this rare type of tumor.EST was highly malignant neoplasm that is radioresistant but responds to combination chemotherapy. Surgery plus chemotherapy is the best treatment for this type of disease and AFP assay may be a useful tool for monitoring patient progress.(3)
Surgical eksploration and unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy are the treatment of EST.Does addition hysterectomy and contralateral salpingo-oophorectomy can improve outcome theraphy ? How about the role of second-look laparotomy ? Dysgerminoma is extremely sensitive to chemotherapy, and treatment with chemotherapy cures the majority of patients even with advanced disease. Which regime is much better among VAC, VBP and BEP ?. How about the role of gemcitabine base chemotherapy in refractory germ cell tumors?. Prior to advances in chemotherapy, the prognosis for these aggressive tumours was poor.Over the past decade, new chemotherapeutic regimes have made germ cell tumours among the most highly curable cancers.(4,5,6,7 )
Clinical Profile of Endodermal Sinus Tumor
This group of germ cell tumours consists of a variety of histologically different entities that are all derived from the primitive germ cells of the embryonic gonad.Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary presents as a large complex abdominal mass that can be predominantly cystic and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of complex abdominal masses in girls and young women.( 5,8).
EST displays a wide range of histologic patterns (microcystic, endodermal sinus, solid, alveolar-glandular, papillary, myxomatous, macrocystic, hepatoid, primitive endodermal, polyvesicular vitelline) and classic pattern shows perivascular formations (Schiller-Duval bodies) and eosinophilic globules that contain AFP. Classification of germ cell neoplasms :
· Dysgerminoma
· Endodermal sinus tumor (Yolk sac tumor)
· Teratoma
· Mature cystic teratoma
· Immature teratoma
· Monodermal teratoma (e.g. struma ovarii)
· Embryonal carcinoma
· Choriocarcinoma
EST frequently diagnosed by finding a palpable abdominal mass in a young lady who complains of abdominal pain. The following are the symptoms in order of frequency:
• Acute abdominal pain
• Chronic abdominal pain
• Asymptomatic abdominal mass
• Abnormal vaginal bleeding
• Abdominal distention (5,9)
Tumor Marker
Unlike epithelial ovarian malignancies, endodermal sinus tumor can be monitored by a specific tumor marker, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Serum levels of AFP can be followed from the preoperative period through the course of chemotherapy. When elevated, AFP has excellent predictability that persistent disease is present.
Surgical Management of Endodermal Sinus Tumor
The treatment of EST consist of surgical eksploration, unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and a frozen for diagnosis. The addition of hysterectomy and contralateral salpingo-oophorectomy does not alter outcome. Any gross metastase should be removed if possible, but thorough surgical staging is not indicated because all patients need chemotherapy. Bilaterality is not seen in these lesions, and the other ovary is involved with metastatic disease only when there are other metastases in the peritoneal cavity. (9)
As chemotherapy can cure the majority of patients even with advanced disease,conservative surgery is standard in all stages of all germ cell tumours. By conservative surgery, it means full laparotomy with careful examination and detailed biopsies of all suspicious area with limited cytoreduction thereby avoiding major morbidity.Wedge biopsy of a normal ovary is not recommended as it defeats the purpose of conservative therapy by causing possible infertility. Patients who received conservative surgery with the preservation of one ovary may retain acceptable fertility rates despite adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy.( 10 )
A case report of a patient with endodermal sinus tumor is presented in which a long-term remission was achieved by unilateral adnexectomy and combination chemotherapy. Review of the current literature indicates that tumor removal followed by combination chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide is the most effective method of therapy for this highly malignant ovarian neoplasm. The addition of hysterectomy with contralateral ovariectomy or radiation therapy does not appear to significantly improve the survival of patients with this tumor.( 7 )
Second–look laparatomy
The role of second-look laparotomy in the management of patients with endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary is controversial.Second look surgery is of no proven benefit except in a minority of patients whose tumour was not completely resected at the initial surgical procedure and who had teratomatous elements in their primary tumour
Curtin J.P et all, report two women who converted to a normal alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level during treatment with combination chemotherapy, yet were found to have residual endodermal sinus tumor at second-look laparotomy.(5,7,11 )
Chemotherapy
Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary are generally very responsive to chemotherapy,however, they are difficult to manage in the setting of platinum resistance where treatment options are limited and outcomes are poorer.
Combined Chemotherapy ( VBP, VAC , BEP )
Before the routine use of combination chemotherapy for this disease, the 2 years survival rate was only approximately 25%. VAC regimen improve to 60 – 70 %, but VBP regimen is more effective. In the GOG series, only approximately 20%.of patients with residual metastatic disease responded completely to the VAC regime, whereas approximately 60% of those treated with VBP had a complete response. (9)
FIGO Committe on Gynecologic Oncology recommended chemotherapy regime is etoposide 100mg/m2 per day for 5 days with cisplatin 20mg/m2 per day for 5 days, with or without bleomycin at 10U per day for day 1/8/15 (EP or BEP; various schedules of bleomycin are utilised). When there is bulky residual disease, it is common to give 3 to 4 courses of combination BEP chemotherapy. As BEP chemotherapy is associated with a lower relapse rate and shorter treatment time, it is preferred compared to an older regime VAC, a combination of vincristine,dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide given in an adjuvant setting.Other tested chemotherapy regimes include combinations of ifosfamide and doxorubicin; vinblastine, ifosfamide and cisplatin;cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and cisplatin. All patients who do not respond to standard therapy are candidates for clinical trials.Level of Evidence B. (10)
Clinical experience
Hwang EH reported an 8-month-old girl with EST of the vagina, who was treated with local excision of the mass through a vaginotomy. The VAC regimen was administered, but the serum AFP level remained elevated. A follow-up abdominopelvic computed tomography scan, taken 4 months after the operation, showed local recurrence of the tumor. The VAC regimen was then changed to a BEP regimen (bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin). The serum AFP level returned to normal after 2 courses of the new regimen, and no tumor was visible on the follow-up magnetic resonance imaging study.
(12)
Shimizu et all, reported pregnancy complicated by endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary in 32-year-old pregnant woman at 19 weeks of gestation Tumorectomy was performed and a diagnosis of primary endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary (stage Ic) was made. Pregnancy was continued without postoperative chemotherapy. At 36 weeks of gestation, she underwent cesarean section combined with second-look laparotomy. A normal infant was delivered and there were no signs of recurrence. Subsequently, three courses of combination chemotherapy with bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin were administered. There was no evidence of recurrence at 27 months after initial treatme (13)
Huang H , have published data about the treatment results of 63 cases of ovarian endodermal sinus tumor admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital from August 1977 through April 1992 by combination chemotherapy were reported. Patients were divided into three groups. The first group received full courses of vincristine, actinomycin and cyclophosphamide (VAC) or cis-platinum, vincristine and bleomycin (PVB) chemotherapy in adequate dosages (37 cases). The second group also received VAC or PVB chemotherapy but in inadequate dosages (17 cases). The third group took no VAC or PVB chemotherapy but some other chemotherapeutic drugs (9 cases). 28 of the 63 patients died. The 35 surviving patients have been followed for 1 to 15 years. The sustained remission rates were 81.1%, 23.5% and 11.1% for the first, second and third group respectively. As the ovarian endodermal sinus tumor is very sensitive to VAC or PVB chemotherapy an extensive or aggressive cytoreductive surgery and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy seemed to be not necessary. (14)
Ali Ayhan et all,conclude that there was no significant survival difference with respect to age, histology, and tumor size in twenty-two patients treated for pure EST, and seven patients who had mixed germ cell tumors with EST components. (15)
Multidrug Combined Chemotherapy ( POMB-ACE, POMB-ACE-PAV )
Charing Cross hospital developed POMB-ACE regimen for high risk germ cell of any histologic type. Therefore, cisplatin-containing combination chemotherapy, preferably BEP or POMB-ACE, should be use as primary chemotherapy for EST. (2, 9)
Germa and colleagues described a short-term sequential chemotherapy regimen consisting of nine agents: cisplatin, vincristine, methotrexate, bleomycin, etoposide, actinomycin-D, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and vinblastine (POMB-ACE-PAV). The rationale for this combination was to reduce the total dose of each agent, therefore limiting toxicity. A 97% sustained remission rate with limited toxicity has been described.( 3 )
Gemcitabine-base chemotherapy
There is no standard treatment for patients believed to be incurable after cisplatin combination chemotherapy or carboplatin-based chemotherapy.Previously, new active agents (ie, etoposide and ifosfamide) have been combined with cisplatin in hopes of developing curative salvage regimens or improved induction therapy in previously untreated patients. Paclitaxel and gemcitabine have already been investigated as part of combination regimens.
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group reported study of Paclitaxel Plus Gemcitabine in Refractory Germ Cell Tumors and has conclusion that Paclitaxel plus gemcitabine is an active regimen in refractory germ cell tumors, with an acceptable toxicity profile. This regimen has the possibility for long-term disease-free survival in this refractory patient population.
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center has used paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 plus ifosfamide 6 g/m2 for two cycles given 2 weeks apart with leukapheresis followed by high-dose carboplatin and etoposide for three cycles with autologous peripheral-blood stem-cell transplants.20 Results are encouraging, with 23 (62%) of 37 patients with cisplatin-resistant germ cell tumors with unfavorable prognostic features achieving favorable responses and 15 (41%) persisting for a median period of 30 months.(18,19)
Jeyakumar A.reported a a39-year-old woman who had a platinum-resistant yolk sac ovarian tumor ( EST ). She achieved complete remission on an innovative regimen of docetaxel, gemcitabine, and thalidomide.(20)
Summary
Conservative surgery plus chemotherapy have resulted in an appreciable number of successful management of endodermal sinus tumor,but we must careful in the setting of platinum resistance where treatment options are limited and outcomes are poorer.
AFP is a useful tool for monitoring patient progress, on the other hand, the role of second-look laparotomy in the management of patients with endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary is being debated. Every patients need an individual assessment of the most suitable combined chemotherapy.
References
1. Tay S.K, Tan L.K. Experience of a 2-day BEP regimen in postsurgical adjuvant chemotherapy of ovarian germ cell tumors. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2000, 10, 13 -18.
2. Hurteau JA, Williams SJ: Ovarian germ cell tumors in Ovarian Cancer second edition. Rubin SC, Sutton GP. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2001
3. Ayhan A et all. Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary: The Hacettepe University experience.Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Division of Gynecologic Oncology.Ankara, Turkey. 2005
4. Williams SD: Malignant ovarian germ cell tumors in Gynecologic Cancer controversies in management. Gershenson DM, McGuire WP, Gore M, Quinn MA, Thomas G. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia 2004.
5. Disaia PJ, Creasman WT: Germ cell, stromal and other ovarian tumors in Clinical Gynecologic Oncology sixth edition. Mosby Inc., Philadelphia 2002.
6. Matei DE, Russell AH, Horowitz CJ, Gershenson DM, Silva E: Ovarian germ cell tumors in Principles and Practice of Gynecologic Oncology fourth edition. Hoskins WJ, Young RC, Markman M, Perez CA, Barakat R, Randal M. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2005.
7. Gallion H, Van Nagell JR, Powell DF, et al. Therapy of endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 135(4): 447-451, 1979
8. A Levitin, KD Haller, HL Cohen, DL Zinn and MT O’Connor Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary: imaging evaluation American Journal of Roentgenology, Vol 167, 791-793
9. Berek J.S, Hacker N.F, Practical Gynecologic Oncology, 3 rd edition. Lippincott. Williams & Wilkins Publisers. Philadelphia.2000.
10. J.L. Benedet J.L, H. Bender H, Jones III, Ngan. H.Y.S, Pecorelli S Staging classifications and clinical practice guidelines of gynaecologic cancers FIGO Committe on Gynecologic Oncology, Elsevier 2005
11. Curtin J.P,Rubin SC, WJ Hoskins WJ,Hakes TB, and Lewis JL Jr Second-look laparotomy in endodermal sinus tumor: a report of two patients with normal levels of alpha-fetoprotein and residual tumor at reexploration .Obstetrics & Gynecology 1989;73:893-895
12. Hwang EH, Han SJ, Lee MK, Lyu CJ, Kim BS. Clinical experience with conservative surgery for vaginal endodermal sinus tumor. J Pediatr Surg. 1996 Feb;31(2):219-22.
13. Shimizu K et all.,Successful management of endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary associated with pregnancy.Gynecologic Oncology 88 (2003) 447–450
14. Huang H, Lian L, Huang R.Response of ovarian endodermal sinus tumor to combination chemotherapy with cis-platinum, vincristine and bleomycin or vincristine, actinomycin and cyclophosphamide.Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 1995 May;30(5):265-9.
15. Ayhan A et al. Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary: The Hacettepe University experience.Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Division of Gynecologic Oncology.Ankara, Turkey. 2005
16. Morgan R,J.et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology 2006 National Comprehensif Cancer Network. 2006.
17 Lertkhachonsuk R,Manchana T. Outcome of Recurrent and Persistent Disease of Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor: A Retrospective Analysis at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital J Med Assoc Thai 2006; 89 (2): 138-44
18. Hinton S et al.Phase II Study of Paclitaxel Plus Gemcitabine in Refractory Germ Cell Tumors (E9897): A Trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol 20, Issue 7 (April), 2002: 1859-1863
19. Hicks ML, Maxwell SL, Kim W. Management of advanced endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary with preservation of reproductive function.Henry Ford Hosp Med J. 1990;38(1):76-8.
20. Jeyakumar A, Chalas E, Hindenburg ASustained complete remission in a patient with platinum-resistant ovarian yolk sac tumor.Gynecol Oncol. 2001 Sep;82(3):578-80.
Kanker mulut rahim (serviks uteri) adalah keganasan terbayak pada wanita .Penyebab kanker serviks, 98 % adalah Virus Human Papiloma (HPV). Dari beberapa type virus HPV, type 16 dan 18 adalah penyebab utama kanker serviks uteri.Penularan virus HPV terutama adalah melalui hubungan seksual. Lebih dari 500.000 wanita meninggal setiap tahun karena kanker serviks. DNA HPV (Human Papillomavirus) di Jakarta ditemukan 96 % positif.
Genome HPV terdiri dari unsur transkripsi (E1,2,4,5,6,7) yang bersifat onkogen dan L1 dan L2 yang akan membentuk kapsid bersifat imunogenik. HPV dibagi menjadi HPV resiko rendah (6,11) dan resiko tinggi (16, 18, 34, 35, 56, 58, 59, 73 dsb). Resiko tinggi berpotensi menimbulkan kanker serviks. Lebih dari 80% DNA HPV yang ditemukan adalah tipe 16 dan 18. Sedang tipe 6 dan 11 menimbulkan genital wart atau condyloma accuminatum (kutil).
Perkembangan kanker serviks bersifat progresif, namun pada tahap awal infeksi HPV dapat terjadi regresi spontan. Saat ini,vaksinasi telah digunakan untuk mencegah berkembangnya kanker serviks bila seorang wanita terinfeksi oleh virus HPV.
Umur berapakah mulai vaksinasi ?
Vaksin diberikan pada kelompok umur 11-26 tahun dan dapat dikelompokkan menjadi : a). Kelompok 11-12 tahun (Sekolah Dasar); b) 13-15 tahun (SMP) dan c) 16 – 25 tahun (SMA atau Pendidikan Tinggi). d) 26-55 tahun. Di luar itu dapat di jaring dari wanita yang datang ke fasilitas kesehatan anak atau obstetri dan ginekologi.Pemeriksaan identifikasi DNA (hibrid capture) tidak diperlukan sebelum vaksinasi
Berapa kali diperlukan vaksinasi ?
Vaksin diberikan pada bulan 0,1 dan bulan ke 6
Wanita dengan riwayat terinfeksi HPV atau lesi prakanker dapat diberikan meskipun efektivitas lebih kurang.Wanita hamil dan menyusukan tidak direkomendasikian.Vaksinasi hanya untuk pencegahan dan bukan untuk pengobatan
Dimana bisa mendapatkan vaksinasi ?, Mahalkah ?
Tentunya ada bisa melakukan vaksinasi di dokter Kandungan, dokter Anak ( untuk kelompok umur anak )demikian juga bisa di dokter umum.Saat ini, lumayan mahal. Untuk 1 seri vaksinasi ( 3 x suntik, bulan o, 1 dan 6 ), diperlukan dana lebih dari 3 juta. Informasi terakhir, CERVARIX, saat ini tersedia dengan harga turun ( 1/2 harga, sehingga cukup sekitar 1, 5 juta untuk 3 kali vaksinasi ), dengan tujuan tentunya lebih banyak wanita yang terproteksi dari kanker serviks dengan menggunakan vaksin tersebut.
Apakah saat ini vaksin sudah tersedia ( di Indonesia ) ?
Ya, ada dua jenis vaksin yang tersedia saat ini.
Akhirnya, lakukanlah pemeriksaan berkala kesehatan anda, lakukanlah Pap Smear untuk deteksi dini dan anda dapat mulai konsultasi dengan dokter anda, perlukah vaksinasi ? Mencegah selalu lebih baik dibanding mengobati. Take a good care of yourself.
CML is often suspected on the basis on the complete blood count, which shows increased granulocytes of all types, typically including mature myeloid cells. Basophils and eosinophils are almost universally increased; this feature may help differentiate CML from a leukemoid reaction.![g08ja27g20a[1]](http://localhost/indocancer/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/g08ja27g20a1.jpg)
